Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis

InhaltsangabeCONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Global Warming 1.2 Greenhouse Effect 1.3 Climate Sensitivity 1.4 Average Global Temperature from 1880 to 2009 1.5 Carbon Dioxide 1.6 Global Warming, Climate, and Weather 1.6.1 Arctic Sea Ice Extent 1979-2005 1.6.2 Impacts of Global Warming 1.7 Timescales, Positive Feedbacks, and Tipping Points 1.8 Energy and Climate Policy 1.8.1 Energy Choices 1.9 Forcings and Feedbacks 1.9.1 Earth's Albedo 1.9.2 Irradiance 1.10 Energy Budget 1.11 Affected Weather 1.12 Hockey Stick Controversy Additional Reading PART I SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 2 SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES Abstract Key WordsThings to Know Introduction 2.1 Internet Searches 2.2 The Warming Earth: Heat and the Principles of Thermodynamics 2.2.1 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 2.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 2.2.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 2.3 Climate Scientists 2.3.1 Scientific Laws and Climate Scientists 2.4 Scientific Jargon 2.5 Communication between Scientists and the Public 2.6 The Concept of Time 2.7 From Hothouse to Icehouse 2.8 Earth's Energy Imbalance 2.9 An Introduction to Science 2.9.1 Reasons to Study Science 2.9.2 The Philosophy of Science 2.9.3 Early History of Science 2.9.4 Aristotle (384-322 BC) 2.10 Early Scientists 2.10.1 Pliny the Elder (23 AD - 79 AD) 2.10.2 Claudius Ptolemy (c. AD 90 - c. AD 168) 2.10.3 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) 2.10.4 Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) 2.10.5 Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626) 2.10.6 Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe 2.10.7 Isaac Newton 2.11 Empiricism 2.12 Inductive Logic 2.13 Multiple Working Hypotheses 2.14 Deductive Logic 2.15 Models and Simulations 2.16 The Nature of Science 2.17 The Science of Nature 2.18 Chaos Theory 2.19 Scientific Notation Additional Reading 3 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND ITS USE Abstract Keywords Things to Know The Scientific Method 3.1 A Linearized Approach to the Scientific Method 3.2 Data Collection - Experimentation, Measurement, Observation 3.3 Ideas, Persistence, Documentation, Testing, Reproducibility, Publication 3.4 Hypotheses 3.5 Theories 3.6 Newton's Laws of Motion 3.7 The PeerReview Process 3.8 Use of the Scientific Method 3.8.1 James Hutton and Uniformitarianism 3.8.2 Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species 3.8.3 James Watson and Francis Crick - the Structure of DNA 3.8.4 Harry Hess and Plate Tectonic Theory 3.8.5 Plate Tectonic Theory 3.8.6 Wallace Broecker and the First Use of the Term Global Warming 3.9 Use of the Scientific Method in Climate Change Science 3.9.1 Joseph Fourier and the Greenhouse Effect 3.9.2 John Tyndall and Thermal Radiation 3.9.3 Svante Arrhenius and Carbon Dioxide 3.9.4 T. C. Chamberlin and the Ice Ages 3.9.5 Guy Stewart Callendar and Rising Temperatures 3.9.6 Gilbert Plass and Doubling of Carbon Dioxide 3.9.7 Hans Suess and Carbon-14 in Carbon Dioxide 3.9.8 Roger Revelle and Ocean Chemistry 3.9.9 Charles David Keeling and CO2 3.9.10 Syukuro ("Suki") Manabe and Climate Modeling 3.9.11 James Hansen and Temperature Analysis 3.9.12 William Ruddiman and Paleoclimate 3.9.13 Gavin Schmidt and GISS 3.9.14 Stefan Rahmstorf, Sea Level and Temperature Rise Additional Reading PART II OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE 4 EARTH'S ENERGY BUDGET Abstract Keywords Things to Know Introduction 4.1 Weather and Climate 4.2 Solar and Heat Energy 4.3 Earth's Radiation Laws 4.4 Earth's Energy Imbalance Additional Reading 5 CLIMATE CHANGE TRENDS Abstract Keywords Things to Know 5. Climate Change Trends 5.1 Rising Temperatures 5.1.1 Temperature Scales 5.1.2 Temperatures Shown by Graphs 5.1.3 Rising Land and Sea Temperatures 5.1.4 Tropospheric Warming and Stratospheric Cooling 5.2 Sources of Uncertainty with Temperature Data 5.3 Climate Construction from Instrumental Data 5.4 Measurement of Temperature 5.5.1 Global Temperature from Meteoro

Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis introduces the principles of climate change science, emphasizing the empirical evidence for climate change and a warming world. Divided into eleven sections, this comprehensive book opens with an introduction to basic scientific principles including the scientific method, the laws of thermodynamics, the gathering and interpretation of data, biographical notes on a few of the giants of science and their contributions, profiles of selected climate change scientists and their contributions, Newton's laws of motion and more. The remaining sections include an Overview of Climate Change Science; Earth's Atmosphere; The World Ocean and Climate; Earth's Cryosphere and Climate History; Land and Its Climates; Climate Models; Paleoclimatology; Future Climates and Mitigation; Skeptics and Deniers of Global Warming and Specific Declarations against Climate Science and Climate Scientists. The book offers extensive coverage of the major aspects of climate change and its effects and interactions with the atmosphere, the World Ocean, glaciers and land. Modeling the Climate receives its own chapter, and there are sections on past climates and a chapter outlining the ideas of climate change skeptics and deniers and the scientific evidence that either refutes or substantiates their claims.Each chapter opens with a list of "Things to Know." The book goes on to offer chapter-length discussion of the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and anthroposphere and their inter-relationships and much more. Designed as an introductory text for use at the undergraduate level, Climate Change Science assumes no science background on the part of the reader.